On Monday, August 8, Prof. Christoph Markschies, President of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (BBWA), visited the Latvian Academy of Sciences (LAS). The guest was received by Prof. Baiba Rivža, LAS General Secretary, Prof. Ojārs Spārītis, LAS Vice-president, and Ņina Linde, Director of LAS Economic Institute. The parties discussed the history of both academies and how their roles have changed over the past few decades. Prof. Markschies was interested in the COVID-19 pandemic management policy in Latvia, the economic consequences of the war in Ukraine caused by Russian aggression and the organization of assistance in Latvia for refugees from Ukraine, he also presented the mechanisms of refugee assistance policy in Germany. In the conclusion of the meeting the Amendment to the Agreement on Scientific Cooperation Between the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften), Formerly Prussian Academie of Sciences and Humanities, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, and the Latvian Academy of Sciences, concluded on 1 November 2002, was signed, which provides for the extension of the forms of scientific cooperation and specifies the mechanisms for supporting this cooperation: “Both Sides will do all in their power to promote and facilitate visits in either direction, thus encouraging selected candidates of at least postdoctoral or equivalent status in the natural, technological, social sciences and the humanities to develop cooperative activities with scientists from the other country.”

Betulin, Larifan, food supplements such as fractionated beet root juice are already commercialised products. The chapter “Commercialisation of knowledge” reveals the research processes behind these success stories.

“With the development of technology and knowledge, research has shown that the external, white layer or birch bark of Latvian birch contains biologically active substances, which make up about one third of the birch outer bark mass. Birch outer bark extractives are primarily composed of lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenes, mainly betulin, betulinic acid, and lupeol. Very valuable biological activities have been identified for these three compounds, including those that allow their derivatives to be used in the treatment of various severe diseases in the future. Betulin itself improves liver function, regulates cholesterol levels and heals skin cells. A betulin-related synthetic compound has shown good results in drug trials against HIV. In scientific studies, betulin has also demonstrated immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as indicated a good potential in virus-like vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2. Compounds of birch outer bark extractives also have preservative, antioxidant, emulsifier and supramolecular gel-forming properties. Betulin has also been identified for a wide range of applications in the food and cosmetics industries.” [Aigars Pāže, Jānis Rižikovs, Kristaps Stankus, Inguss Virsis. The Unique Properties of Nature’s Wonder – Betulin]

“The history of Larifan dates back to interferon in the 1960s. When interferon, a protein with antiviral properties, was discovered in 1957, it was a major milestone in the fight against viral infections. At the beginning, there were high hopes and expectations placed on interferon, as it was believed that a universal antiviral agent had been developed that would stop all viral diseases and that it was a weapon in the fight against viruses in general. Unfortunately, the first steps did not live up to the hopes placed on them, as many and varied obstacles and limitations to obtaining interferon itself became apparent.” [Guna Feldmane. Pathway of Antiviral Drug Development From a Laboratory to a Commercial Product: Relevance of Antiviral Drugs in Medicine]

“Red beet (Beta vulgaris) was chosen as the most active plant. The specific activity of juices of 14 varieties of red beet was screened. As a result, one variety was identified whose juice efficiency significantly exceeded other varieties. With the help of preparative chromatography, the juice fraction was isolated and its molecular weight limits were established. Further fractionation was carried out by ultrafiltration using semipermeable membranes with appropriate parameters.” [Dmitry Babarykin. On New Trends in Increasing the Effectiveness of Food Supplements]

The chapter “Education and Humanitarian Sciences” of the LAS Yearbook 2022 presents the latest researches carried out by experts on history sciences, legal sciences, and pedagogical sciences.

“Between the 1st–2nd centuries to the 9th century, the lower reaches of the Daugava were sparsely populated – only a few settlement sites are known. The next boom in the lower reaches of the Daugava followed only after 1000 years in the Viking Age, when the Daugava once again became one of the most strategically important highways between the West and the East.” [Andrejs Vasks. The Lower Reaches of the Daugava in the Bronze and Earliest Iron Ages (1800–1 BC)]

“The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia as adopted on 15 February 1922 was a laconic and compact document comprising 88 Articles [1]. The legal design of the Constitution can be described as minimalist, given that Articles for the most part are short (many consist of one or two sentences!), formulated with a high degree of legal abstraction and generalisation. Precisely the simplicity of the Constitutional ‘Architecture’, its minimalism and laconic nature of norms was one of the reasons why, after the restoration of independence (1990–1993), the Constitution could again enter into force.” [Ringolds Balodis. Scientific Commentaries on the Latvian Constitution (SATVERSME)]

“The topics approaching post-Cold War military bases in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, from the perspective of change and transformation, emerged in the last decade. The research project entitled “The Past in the Present. Post-Soviet Heritage in Poland and Latvia. Part I and II” was pursued under two three-year contracts between the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw and the Latvian Academy of Sciences in Riga and it was completed in the years 2016–2021.” [Dagnosław Demski, Dominika Czarnecka. The Past in the Present. Post-soviet Heritage in Poland and Latvia]

“In the context of European cultures of the 15th and 16th centuries, the Latvian culture was distinctly dual. This dualism also carried over to the field of music and was made more acute by the mixed inhabiting nations, as well as by the economic oppression (similar to that taking place in Estonia, another part of the Livonian church state). The essence of this dualism stems from two different world views, existing in the Western Europe since the early medieval period: one extrapolated the values of man on natural phenomena, attempting to humanise, spiritualise the outside world (Christianity), whilst the other integrated man into the processes of nature (folklore, culture of peasants).” [Ilze Šarkovska-Liepiņa. Latvian Music in Renaissance: Heralds, Maturity, Contexts]

“The turn of the 20th century – the age of Art Nouveau, Neo-Romanticism, and Symbolism – has left behind vivid traces in Latvian writing, painting, and music, as well as in Latvian architecture. This was a time when Latvian national culture was formed and experienced its first upsurge under difficult socio-political conditions. The Art Nouveau style reached Riga shortly before 1900, at a time when the city was growing rapidly, becoming a major city of the then Russian Empire.” [Silvija Grosa. Décor in the Art Nouveau Architecture of Riga]

“The development of innovative technologies and digitalisation have created unprecedented opportunities. Due to technological development, transformation through democratisation and decentralisation is taking place around the globe, with the world becoming more and more interconnected and accessible, and people – capable of achieving their goals faster, more easily and efficiently. Yet, humanity has never had similar experience and hence developed no sensitivity to it. The digital age clearly poses a range of risks and challenges that cut across different fields and contribute to the emergence of new research problems in science. Social sciences, including educational sciences, focus on the interrelationships between human activity and the use of technology.” [Zanda Rubene. Digital Childhood and its Topicality in Educational Research]

“At that time, at the start of the 20th century, the role of national religions grew not only in Latvia and its closest neighbouring countries, but also in other European countries, especially those which had regained or secured independent statehood during this period. It should be noted that during this period, similar trends could also be observed in Western Europe – the heirs to the traditions of the druids were active in Great Britain, while in Germany a national religious movement took shape led by General Ludendorff and Count Reventlow. In the Baltic lands, the first ideas about the revival of the so-called religion of the ancient fathers became relevant at the end of the 19th century, but it was only in the 1920s–1930s that organised religious movements were founded like Romuva in Lithuania and Dievturība in Latvia.” [Agita Gritāne. Phenomenon of National Religions in the Baltic States in the First Half of the 20th Century]

The articles of the chapter “Material Sviences” of the LAS Yearbook 2022 unveil the versatile and complex nature of different materials and the novel and unique ways of their application.

“Fusion reactors attract great interest as a potential source of environmentally clean energy. The radiation-resistant insulators (MgO, Al2 O3 , MgAl2 O4 , MgF2 , BeO, etc.) are of great importance for optical windows, diagnostic measurements, and other fusion reactor applications. From a practical point of view, it is very important to understand and predict their properties and functional characteristics in a very wide range of radiation doses under various radiation particle including a whole range of neutrons, protons, swift heavy and light ions as well as gamma radiation. Material properties are defined by radiation defects therein. Such accurate and objective predictions are especially important, since they are made for conditions that are difficult to verify experimentally and implement, due to both the high costs and the inaccessibility of the corresponding reactors.” [Anatoli I. Popov, Eugene Kotomin, Aleksandr Lushchik. Deep Understanding and Prediction of Advanced Materials for Extreme Radiation Conditions]

“Smart materials have properties that can be affected in a controlled manner by external stimuli. For instance, they can respond to light, temperature, pressure, pH, electric and magnetic fields. Due to their pronounced functional properties, smart materials find applications in various technologies including coatings for glasses and windows, security markers, sensors to control environmental conditions, etc. Molybdates and tungstates with a general chemical formula ABO4 (A = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, etc. and B = Mo, W) belong to a wide class of functional materials with interesting and potentially useful properties. Among them, copper molybdate (CuMoO4 ) and its solid solutions are some of the most fascinating multifunctional materials that exhibit thermochromic (temperature-induced colour change), piezochromic (pressure-induced colour change), halochromic (pH-induced changes in colour), thermosalient, catalytic and antibacterial properties.” [Inga Pudža, Aleksejs Kuzmins. Study of Structure-property Relationship in the Versatile Copper Molybdate]

“Chemistry is a science of molecules and transformations between them. Some reactions proceed in a blink of an eye, whereas sometimes a reaction rate may vary from one week to ten years. To increase the reaction rate, scientists have developed different rate-increasing chemical compounds – catalysts. The main advantage of using catalysts is that they are not consumed during the reaction and remain unchanged after its completion. This property allows one catalyst molecule to deliver one molecule of the desired product from one molecule of the starting material and then take the second molecule, the third one, and so on, continuing the catalytic cycle until all of the starting material molecules are consumed. As a result, a very small amount of catalyst is required for the reaction to proceed fast and productively.” [Liene Grigorjeva, Jekaterina Boļšakova, Lūkass Tomass Lukašēvics, Aleksandrs Čižikovs. Cobalt-catalysed C-H Bond Functionalisation of Amino Acid and Amino Alcohol Derivatives]

In the five articles of the chapter “Fundamental and Applied Sciences” of the LAS Yearbook 2022 the most important researches in fundamental and applied sciences are revealed.

“We will focus on the theory of networks. Networks are thought usually as sets of elements, which are called also nodes, with a description of interrelation between elements. Networks can appear in economics, industry, social sciences, military ones, literally everywhere. The networks we will speak about, emerge in the study of the human brain (neuronal networks), genetics of living organisms (gene regulatory networks). Due to their efficiency, some other areas have attempted to borrow principles of their functioning for themselves (for instance, telecommunication networks).” [Felikss Sadirbajevs. On Mathematical Modelling of Networks Dynamics]

“In many fields of optics, it is often needed to improve the optical quality of an image degraded by distorted optical media. The optical quality of an image is degraded in astronomy due to the turbulence of atmosphere, in biology due to the light scattering caused by tissues surrounding the object under study, etc. The optical quality of an image can be considerably improved by adaptive optics based on spatial structuring of the light coming from the object.” [Varis Karitāns, Sergejs Fomins, Māris Ozoliņš, Katrīna Laganovska, Kārlis Kundziņš. New Optical and Mathematical Methods to Improve Image Quality]

“Common photos and videos involve all rainbow colours. However, so-called spectral images which are related only to specific narrow spectral intervals (e.g., only to the violet part of spectrum) can be even more informative for specific applications. Multispectral imaging (MSI) ensures remote evaluation of object’s content and properties, based on comparative analysis of several images of the same target taken within different spectral bands. An essential performance parameter is spectral selectivity of imaging; for most of the currently available MSI systems it exceeds 10 nm. Our studies during the recent decade allowed reaching spectral selectivity better than 0.1 nm, so considerably improving the performance of MSI technology. The novel concept was provisionally called “snapshot multi-spectral-line imaging” or SMSLI.” [Jānis Spīgulis, Ilze Ošiņa. Spectral Line Imaging: Principles, Implementation and Applications]

“This study exploited the photon time-of-flight method in diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is reflection from the sub-surface layers of light scattering media. The main principle is to inject laser pulses of fixed wavelength into the skin at a certain point and to analyse the shapes of output pulses measured at variable distance from the injection point. Our measurements allowed evaluating the remitted photon mean path length values at 35 spectral-spatial combinations and exploring the trends of their spatial and spectral dependencies.” [Vanesa Lukinsone, Māris Kuzminskis, Uldis Rubins, Jānis Spīgulis. Skin-Scatttered Photon Path Lengths: an Experimental Study]

“Riga Technical University, Latvia and the Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic in 2016 initiated the cooperation project “Thin films for optoelectronics and sensors – preparation and defects investigation” (supported since 2017 by the Czech Academy of Sciences and the Latvian Academy of Sciences) which focused on the pragmatic issues of nanoscience/nanotechnologies. The project is dedicated to films for optoelectronics/ nanoelectronics, gas sensors, and nanodosimetry.” [Yuri Dekhtyar, Michal Novotný, Peter Pokorny. Black Holes and Nannofilms For Optics, Sensing, and Dosimetry]

The chapter “Forestry, Agriculture, and Food Industry” of the LAS Yearbook 2022 includes two articles that focus on the latest findings in forestry and agricultural sciences.

“The forest sector is an important area in Latvia from all three traditional aspects – economic (contribution to GDP, import-export balance, employment), ecological (“the Lungs of the Earth”, CO2 sequestration, renewable resources) and social (jobs, recreation). Sustainable, reasonable, economic use of wood in construction, and living environment is one of the traditional components of the sector, which is being given increased attention in connection with the wider use in construction and innovative solutions to wood materials. In this context, wood durability issues are not outdated.” [Bruno Andersons. Research on Wood Protection Problems in Latvia]

“Currently, food science focuses on the processing of raw materials into new, high-quality products, the development and implementation of new technologies and materials, processes and equipment to improve the safety and validity of food products. The challenges for science in the future will be the supply of food raw materials, including the use of non-traditional raw materials, the increasing application of biotechnological processes for the production of raw materials/products, and the need to improve the ingredients and products composition and nutritional value. As a result, synergies between food science and technology will be increasingly promoted, with close links to nutrition science, to ensure not only a low-cost, easy-to-use and palatable product, but also a nutritiously balanced and valuable product for everyday consumption.” [Inga Ciproviča. Foof Science in the Face of New Challenges]

The chapter “Studies in Medicine, Pharmaclogy, and Biology” of the LAS Yearbook 2022 includes four articles each dealing with a specific research topic in medicine, pharmacology, biology, as well as history of medicine.

“Current therapies can only delay, not halt neurodegenerative processes in the brain. Moreover, current therapies are only temporary effective, often cause unwanted side effects and about 30% of all patients do not respond to the therapy. Hence, there is an urgent necessity to find new approaches to design anti-neurodegenerative drugs, capable of stopping pathological events before dementia occurs, which in patients is a brief moment between mild cognitive impairment and the onset of dementia.” [Karīna Narbute, Vladimirs Piļipenko, Vija Zaiga Kluša. Is There a Light at the End of the Tunnel?]

“Our research has resulted in the discovery of unique, natural product inspired molecules which effectively kills breast and lung cancer cells without affecting normal healthy cells.” [Raivis Žalubovskis. A New Direction in the Development of Anti-cancer Drugs – the Construction of Special Molecules]

“Over the years, a large number of unique exhibits have been collected at Anatomicum. The very first collection contained about 2000 exhibits of natural material brought to Latvia by the first head of the Department of Anatomy, Swedish professor Gaston Backman (1883–1964).” [Māra Pilmane. THEATRUM ANATOMICUM RIGENSE and Their Historical Collections in the 20th Century]

“Pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) are nonmetastasising tumours of the pituitary gland with an overall estimated clinical prevalence affecting 1 in 400 to 1 in 1000 people. PitNETs are responsible for reduced quality of life and increased mortality.” [Vita Rovīte, Helvijs Niedra, Oļesja Rogoza, Līva Šteina. Research of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors in Latvia, 2011–2021]

The 5th World Congress of Latvian Scientists will take place on 28^th and 29^th June 2023 in Riga.

The Congress is one of the widest-reaching events in Latvian science, gathering Latvian science ecosystem stakeholders from all over the world. The Congress will feature Latvian and diaspora researchers, young researchers, students, international and local partners, as well as representatives from national and international public administration institutions and politicians.

The previous Congress in 2018 gathered 750 participants from 24 countries, establishing researchers’ networks and advancing connection with their strategic partners from the private and public sector, as well as highlighted the role of science in the society.

The Congress is organised by the Ministry of Education and Science in collaboration with the Chancery of the President of Latvia, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Latvian research universities (LU, LLU, RTU and RSU), the Council of Rectors of Latvia, the Latvian Council of Science, the Latvian Academy of Science, the Association of Latvian Young Scientists, the Latvian Dental and Medical Association, the World Federation of Free Latvians, the Union of European Latvians, the American Latvian Association, the organization “Economic Co-operation and Investment for Latvia” (movement #esiLV), and the Employers’ Confederation of Latvia.

The Congress is being organised as part of the project No. 1.1.1.5/17/I/002 “Integrated national level measures for strengthening interest representations for research and development of Latvia as part of European Research Area”.

Participation in the congress is free of charge for registered participants.

Sign up to receive updates here, and find out the latest news about the content, speakers and registration in 2022 at its website and social media:

Source: World Congress of Latvian Scientists “Research Latvia” 2023 Announced, Ministry of Education and Science, 4 July 2022.

The newly released edition of the Yearbook of the Latvian Academy of Sciences 2022 aims to reach the widest possible audiences by offering a versatile insight into the science achievements and current researches that are carried out in present-day Latvia. Readers of the Yearbook 2022 are invited to delve into the most intriguing aspects of scientific experiments and discoveries in natural and material sciences, information technologies and computing, agricultural and forestry sciences, humanities and social sciences, and get acquainted with a number of scientific institutions, research institutes, centers and laboratories where Latvia has shown internationally renowned performance.

The Presidents of the three Baltic States – Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia – , admitting that the past years were overshadowed by the Covid-19 pandemic, in the foreword of the Yearbook acknowledge that it has also brought forth unexpected opportunities for the worlds’ science community to demonstrate its’ capabilities and effectiveness. However, the other issues caused by the global climate change, energy crisis and the current geopolitical situation create ever new challenges, and the science communities are fully aware of these potential risks, and are ready to face them with innovative solutions.

Prof. Tarmo Soomere, President of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, has summarized expectations of the global science community: “My wish is that more countries realise the necessity of and establish a properly functioning science advice mechanism during the coming year. These ecosystems of advice in different countries should function in a harmonised manner. Only then we can bring our continent more tightly together and make it an ever better place to live.”

The Yearbook is available both in print and on-line editions.

Latvian Academy of Sciences Yearbook, 2022 (pdf).

On June 30, 2022, the V International Economic Forum “THE CRISIS AS AN INCENTIVE FOR CHANGE: HUMAN BEING. NATURE. ENTREPRENEURSHIP” will take place at the Latvian Academy of Sciences in Riga.

Scientists, entrepreneurs, politicians and other interested people are invited to participate in the Forum! The program of the event and more information is also available at https://economicforum.lv. Registration and terms of participation see at https://economicforum.lv/tickets/ . 

Information at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. or by phone +371 20207092.